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Introduction :
CLR:
Common Language Runtime is the heart of .NET Framework used to manage
the program written in .NET Framework compatible language (Eg. C#,
Vb.NET, J# etc.). In other words, CLR is Execution Engine which
executes the program for .NET Framework.CLR:
Common Language Runtime is the heart of .NET Framework used to manage
the program written in .NET Framework compatible language (Eg. C#,
Vb.NET, J# etc.). In other words, CLR is Execution Engine which
executes the program for .NET Framework.
Let's see some other definitions of CLR:
The common language runtime is the execution engine for .NET Framework applications.
It provides a number of services, including the following:
- Code management (loading and execution)
- Application memory isolation
- Verification of type safety
- Conversion of IL to native code
- Access to metadata (enhanced type information)
- Managing memory for managed objects
- Enforcement of code access security
- Exception handling, including cross-language exceptions
- Interoperation between managed code, COM objects, and pre-existing DLLs (unmanaged code and data)
- Automation of object layout
- Support for developer services (profiling, debugging, and so on)
(Source MSDN)
The Common Language Runtime (CLR) is
the virtual machine component of Microsoft''s .NET initiative. It is
Microsoft''s implementation of the Common Language Infrastructure (CLI)
standard, which defines an execution environment for program code. The
CLR runs a form of byte code called the Common Intermediate Language
(CIL, previously known as MSIL (Microsoft Intermediate Language)
(source Wikipedia).
How CLR Works?
When we write a program in .NET
compatible language, then the compiler for C#(csc) or VB.NET(vbc)
compiles the code in IL (Intermediate Language) or MSIL(Microsoft
Intermediate Language) and then IL will be the input of CLR's component
Just In Time compiler to produce machine independent code.
Apart from the above CLR is also responsible for:
Memory management
Thread management
Exception handling
Garbage collection
Security
2)CLS(Common Language Specification)
CLS: It
is a set of base rules, all .Net languages has to adopt to interoperate
with each other. Most importantly after compilation any .Net language
program has to generate the same type of output code known as Common
Intermediate Language code as shown below.
3)CTS(Common Type System)
CTS: According
to CTS(Common Type System), all .Net languages has to adopt uniform
data structure i.e., similar types must be uniform in size in all
languages of .Net.
Most
of the languages under .Net are derived from same existing language, so
names of the data types will be differ from language to language. Even
if the names are different similar data types will always be same in size.
A
data type that is used in any language after compilation will be
converted into IL type where in IL format all similar types will be same
as following.
4)FCL(Framework class Library)
The .Net Framework class library (FCL) provides the core functionality of .Net Framework
architecture . The .Net Framework Class Library (FCL) includes a huge
collection of reusable classes , interfaces, and value types that
expedite and optimize the development process and provide access to
system functionality.
The .Net Framework class library (FCL) organized in a hierarchical tree structure and it is divided into Namespaces.
Namespaces is a logical grouping of types for the purpose of
identification. Framework class library (FCL) provides the consistent
base types that are used across all .NET enabled languages. The Classes
are accessed by namespaces, which reside within Assemblies. The System
Namespace is the root for types in the .NET Framework. The .Net
Framework class library (FCL) classes are managed classes that provide
access to System Services . The .Net Framework class library (FCL)
classes are object oriented and easy to use in program developments.
Moreover, third-party components can integrate with the classes in the
.NET Framework.
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